Posts tagged ‘Chinese language’

06/12/2013

One Silver Lining of China’s Lopsided Labor Market: Shrinking Income Inequality – Businessweek

In the same week that international educators are debating the comparative merits of global school systems—and whether China’s PISA scores are overhyped—a new report from China Economic Quarterly sheds light on an unintended consequence of China’s recent push to expand higher education.

The annual supply of fresh college graduates far exceeds the number of white-collar positions available in China. Meanwhile a dwindling pool of young people willing to work in Chinese factories has driven up assembly-line wages. The result, conclude GK Dragonomics analysts Andrew Batson and Thomas Gatley, is an unexpected narrowing of China’s worryingly high level of income inequality.

Over the past decade, China has rapidly expanded access to higher education. University enrollment tripled from 2000 to 2010, from 2.2 million to 6.6 million students. Unfortunately, job creation didn’t keep pace. According to survey results from China’s labor ministry obtained by China Economic Quarterly, there were 100 job applicants in mid-2013 for every 80 white-collar jobs in China. For blue-collar positions, however, the scenario was reversed: There were 100 applicants for every 125 slots in China.

via One Silver Lining of China’s Lopsided Labor Market: Shrinking Income Inequality – Businessweek.

20/11/2013

China Legal Reform Promises Cause for Cautious Optimism – China Real Time Report – WSJ

The initial communiqué that emanated from China’s major meeting of top Communist Party leaders on November 12th focused on economic reform and had little to say about the legal realm. That changed three days later when the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party released a 60-point “resolution” that announced two potentially significant legal reforms and provided more detail about additional reform targets.

While it’s only possible to gauge the transformation of rhetoric into action after the fact, I’m not alone in welcoming the new goals. I recently attended a long-planned meeting in Seattle of a group of specialists on Chinese law. The meeting began on November 14, and the mood was discouraged given the scarcity of references to legal institutions in the communiqué. By the next morning, however, the atmosphere shifted as details of the just-released resolution trickled in.

The resolution specifically mentions two potentially important reforms: abolition of the system of “re-education through labor” (in Chinese: laojiao) and a plan to move the courts and the procuracy (prosecutors) away from the influence of local governments.

Laojiao, initiated in 1957, is a system under which the police may send people to labor camps for up to four years without formal arrest or trial.  Initially established to deal with recidivist petty criminals who would otherwise burden the courts, it has been extensively used to incarcerate “counter-revolutionary” dissidents, aggressive petitioners, members of the Falun Gong religious movement and other persons deemed to present unwelcome political challenges to CCP rule. It has long provoked criticism by Chinese legal scholars, other advocates of legal reform and members of the public.

via China Legal Reform Promises Cause for Cautious Optimism – China Real Time Report – WSJ.

25/09/2013

Growing Concerns About Pollution And Public Health In China

BusinessWeek: “Recently, I was invited to the Beijing apartment of a Chinese friend in his mid-20s. An attentive host, he brought out a tray of washed grapes, but looked dubious when I was about to simply eat one. Because the grapes were almost surely sprayed with too many pesticides—and perhaps other dangerous chemicals—he explained that it was foolish to eat them directly and urged me to peel each grape first.

Growing Concerns About Pollution And Public Health In China

His reflexive wariness about food grown or packaged in China is hardly unique among college-educated Beijing residents. Some 38 percent of Chinese respondents told a recent Pew Research Center poll (PDF) that food safety is a “very big problem” in China. That’s up significantly from 2008, when only 12 percent of respondents agreed.

The Pew research team, which conducted 3,226 face-to-face interviews this spring, uncovered rising levels of concern about sundry public health issues in China. Fully 47 percent of respondents rated air pollution a “very big problem,” and 40 percent said the same of water pollution. That’s up from 31 percent and 28 percent, respectively, in 2008. Poll respondents who were younger (under age 30), wealthy, and living in cities were the most likely to express worry about food safety and product safety.”

via Growing Concerns About Pollution And Public Health In China – Businessweek.

See also: https://chindia-alert.org/2013/07/31/china-to-invest-375-billion-on-energy-conservation-pollution-paper/

23/09/2013

Wealthy Chinese seek US surrogates for second child or green card

SCMP: “Wealthy Chinese are hiring American women to serve as surrogates for their children, creating a small but growing business in $120,000 “designer” American babies for China’s elite.

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Surrogacy agencies in China and the United States are catering to wealthy Chinese who want a baby outside the country’s restrictive family planning policies, who are unable to conceive themselves, or who are seeking US citizenship for their children.

Emigration as a family is another draw – US citizens may apply for Green Cards for their parents when they turn 21.

While there is no data on the total number of Chinese who have sought or used US surrogates, agencies in both countries say demand has risen rapidly in the last two years.

Tony Jiang and his three children at his house in Shanghai. Photo: Reuters

US fertility clinics and surrogacy agencies are creating Chinese-language websites and hiring Mandarin speakers.

Boston-based Circle Surrogacy has handled half a dozen Chinese surrogacy cases over the last five years, said president John Weltman.

“I would be surprised if you called me back in four months and that number hadn’t doubled,” he said. “That’s the level of interest we’ve seen this year from China and the very serious conversations we’ve had with people who I think will be joining us in the next three or four months.”

The agency, which handles about 140 surrogacy cases a year, 65 per cent of them for clients outside the United States, is opening an office in California to better serve clients from Asia which has easier flight connections with the West Coast. Weltman said he hopes to hire a representative in Shanghai next year.

The increased interest from Chinese parents has created some cultural tensions.

US agency staff who ask that surrogates and intended parents develop a personal relationship have been surprised by potential Chinese clients who treat surrogacy as a strictly commercial transaction.

In China, where surrogacy is illegal, some clients keep the fact that their baby was born to a surrogate a secret, going so far as to fake a pregnancy, agents say.

Chinese interest in obtaining US citizenship is not new. The 14th Amendment to the US constitution gives anyone born in the United States the right to citizenship.

You can basically make a designer baby nowadays JENNIFER GARCIA

A growing number of pregnant Chinese women travel to America to obtain US citizenship for their children by delivering there, often staying in special homes designed to cater to their needs.

While the numbers are unclear, giving birth in America is now so commonplace that it was the subject of a hit romantic comedy movie, Finding Mr Right, released in China in March.

Overall, the number of Chinese visitors to the United States nearly doubled in recent years, from 1 million in 2010 to 1.8 million last year, US immigration statistics show.

Weltman said that prospective Chinese clients almost always want to choose US citizenship for their babies, while other agencies pointed to a desire to have children educated in the United States.

Some wealthy Chinese say they want a bolt-hole overseas because they fear they will the targets of public or government anger if there were more social unrest in China. There is also a perception that their wealth will be better protected in countries with a stronger rule of law.

At least one Chinese agent promotes surrogacy as a cheaper alternative to America’s EB-5 visa, which requires a minimum investment in a job creating business of $500,000.

While the basic surrogacy package Chinese agencies offer costs between $120,000 and $200,000, “if you add in plane tickets and other expenses, for only $300,000, you get two children and the entire family can emigrate to the US,” said a Shanghai-based agent.

That cost still means the surrogacy alternative is available only to the wealthiest Chinese.”

via Wealthy Chinese seek US surrogates for second child or green card | South China Morning Post.

See also: https://chindia-alert.org/2012/11/28/china-considers-easing-family-planning-rules/

22/08/2013

Chinese forget how to write in digital age

The Times: “A televised contest that has become hugely popular in China has led to nationwide hand-wringing over the population’s increasing inability to write Chinese characters.

In 2003 Bijing earmarked $9m to improve Chinese language skills among teachers in Xinjiang region... they may have needed more

The rapid rise of computers and smartphones has left most young people barely able to write by hand, with many unable to recall the estimated 10,000 characters used in daily life without an electronic prompt.

The state broadcaster CCTV launched the Chinese Character Dictation Competition this month to improve the population’s handwriting amid fears that the country’s fiendishly complex writing system, a highly prized symbol of its ancient culture, is entering an inexorable decline.

While contestants on the show are school pupils, it was found that 70 per cent of adults in the audience were unable to recall how to portray the word for “toad”. Tests showed that fewer than half could write common Mandarin words such as “thick”.

Mastering the language’s estimated 50,000 pictograms takes children years of learning by rote. Yet the predictive text used on digital devices allows people to type characters simply by entering pinyin, the Romanised system of Chinese pronunciation, removing the necessity to remember how to write.“While the keyboard era has not affected other languages, relatively speaking, it has had a big impact on the handwriting of Chinese characters,” Guan Zhengwen, who designed and directs the show, said. “The impact of electronic technology on people’s writing habits is irreversible, there is nothing we can do about this trend.”

However, he added that he hoped to engage people with his mission to keep it alive as an art form, in line with centuries of the tradition of calligraphy.

Educated young Chinese freely admit forgetting how to write all but the most common Chinese words. “I usually write at a very slow pace,” Zang Xiaosong, 29, a newspaper journalist from Nanjing, said. “Most of the time, it seems the characters are somewhere in my head, it’s just that I can’t remember how to write them. Sometimes I use a computer to help me retrieve them.”

Hao Mingjian, the editor of a magazine devoted to Chinese characters, said: “The learning of Chinese characters is a lifelong process. If you stop using them for a long time, it is very likely you would forget them.””

via Chinese forget how to write in digital age | The Times.

18/06/2013

Getting China’s Tower of Babel on Record

WSJ: “Michael Wu, 20, a student at Peking University, grew up in Shanghai. But when he wants to talk to his cousins in Hainan, he needs to bring his mother along to interpret the conversation.

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The cousins in Hainan speak two kinds of Hainan dialect. “I actually cannot understand either of them,” Wu says. “It’s actually not much good for me to [try to] communicate with them.”

In China, that’s a common problem: The differences in dialects are so vast they amount to different languages—possibly more than 3,000 variations, according to some estimates. It’s one of the reasons that standard Beijing Mandarin has become the lingua franca of schools, businesses and government in China. But that uniformity comes at a cost: the rapid loss of many of these dialects.

Now two Americans have taken on a daunting task: trying to get an audio record of all of the thousands of China’s languages and dialects before they disappear.

Linguists Steve Hansen and Kellen Parker are enlisting volunteers to canvass the country to capture both the languages and the stories of all of China’s 2,862 counties and 34 provincial areas. Phonemica, founded last year, now has about 200 Chinese and Chinese-speaking foreign volunteers lined up to record their friends, parents and grandparents, telling a story in fangyan (regional speech).

“The idea is that we want to record it all,” says Mr. Hansen. “And the only way to do this is through a crowd-sourced approach. We’re trying to get people involved who will go to their hometowns and record friends and relatives.”

“It is absolutely unique,” said Victor Mair, a professor of Chinese language and literature at the University of Pennsylvania, by email. “No one else is attempting to do this for Sinitic” (the languages of China).

Phonemica is nearly out of time. Scholars say that a few generations from now, all of China will speak as a first language standard Mandarin, the Beijing dialect that is taught in schools and used by new migrants to cities as well as businesspeople in every province.

Richard VanNess Simmons, a Rutgers professor of Chinese, says that as China’s economy has taken off over the past 20 years, “Mandarin has become the language that gets you somewhere and the language that parents want their kids to learn.” Even parents who speak regional dialects prefer that their children speak Mandarin at home.

“It’s happening so fast it’s almost too fast to document,” he says.

The Chinese government also has taken on the task of recording the country’s dialects, but its Chinese Language Resource Audio Database (中国语言资源有声数据) is still in the “fieldwork” stage, says Mr. Simmons, and “no results have yet been published as far as I know.””

via Getting China’s Tower of Babel on Record – China Real Time Report – WSJ.

09/05/2013

* China and Taiwan cross-strait representative offices: One offensive, the other defensive

Another illustration of the Chinese pragmatism. Why let ‘politics and dogma’ stand in the way of good mutual trade relationship?

See also: https://chindia-alert.org/social-cultural-diff/chinese-mindset/

25/03/2013

* Wages Rising in Chinese Factories? Only For Some

Working in these Times: “If we are to take recent news reports at face value, the collective conscience of the worlds consumers can be eased, because conditions at Chinese factories are improving.

Last year, The New York Times told us that these workers are “cheap no more,” and just this February, the Heritage Foundation, touting the virtues of global free trade, claimed that Chinese factory wages have risen 20 percent per year since 2005. Foxconn, Apples major supplier and the manufacturer of approximately 40 percent of the worlds consumer electronics, says it will hold free union elections every five years.

But Pollyannas should take pause: The average migrant workers $320 monthly salary in 2011 was actually 43 percent less than the $560 national average, according to government statistics. And though its true that Foxconn will permit the election of union leaders, we have yet to see how much Chinas so-called democratic unions can empower the workers they purport to represent.

Skepticism and caveats aside, the reality is that the lot of formal production workers in China is indeed advancing, however slowly and painfully. But that is true only for formal workers. What many consumers and observers fail to note are the perilous conditions of Chinas temporary production workers and the increased tendency among Chinese factories to use such workers to manufacture the brand-name products that fill your home.

Factories supplying Apple and Samsung, for example, make heavy use of temp workers. According to official statistics, temp workers make up 20 percent of Chinas urban workforce of 300 million, though the proportion in individual factories often tops 50 percent. As China turns into a land of short-term workers, there are grave implications for labor, companies, and Chinese society.”

via Wages Rising in Chinese Factories? Only For Some – Working In These Times.

10/03/2013

* From Auspicious Forest to Happy Establishment: A Literally Translated Map of China

The Atlantic: “One of the pleasures of studying the Chinese language is realizing that a huge number of words actually consist of combinations of smaller words.

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For example, the word for camera, zhaoxiangji, literally translates as something like “mutual flash machine”. Which, if you think about it, makes sense but…yeah. Never mind.

Along these lines, this nifty map of unknown origin, but pulled from the Shanghaiist Facebook feed shows China with the names of its provinces and nearby countries translated literally into English. Most of them are kind of meh, but  a few amusing ones stick out: Liaoning Province is called, quite ominously for a province bordering North Korea, “distant peace”. North Korea itself is referred to as “Morning Calm”, which, given the country’s recent behavior, doesn’t seem to fit at all. Far-western, bone-dry Qinghai Province translates into “Blue Sea”, which would be fine except that its thousands of miles from the coast. Guizhou, one of China’s poorest provinces, is nonetheless referred to as “Expensive State”.

Then there’s Russia which, oddly, translates to “Land of Rowers”, conjuring up an image of a fur coat wearing crew team spiriting down the Volga.Though it isn’t on this map, its often remarked that the Chinese word for the United States, meiguo, translates to “beautiful country”. Alas, this has less to do with an appreciation of the American landscape than the fact that meiguo sounds vaguely similar to America. All this goes to show how little the literal meanings of place names even matter. For example, what does the name “Hong Kong” evoke? For me, its tall buildings, finance, British customs, kung fu movies, and great dim sum. Fragrant harbor? Not quite. But that’s exactly what Hong Kong means.

via From Auspicious Forest to Happy Establishment: A Literally Translated Map of China – Matt Schiavenza – The Atlantic.

23/11/2012

* Henan city refuses to stop clearance of graves to make farmland

One of the most honoured traditions of Chinese, reverence for one’s ancestors and tending of the family cemetery is going the way of so many old customs. But not if the people try and stand firm. However, there is no question that farm land is in short supply and so some new solution needs to be found. Is nothing sacred in China?

SCMP: “A city in central Henan province says it will push ahead with grave demolitions after the levelling of millions of tombs sparked outrage.

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Two million tombs in Zhoukou, one of the oldest cities on the mainland, have been removed over the past few months under a new provincial government policy to make more land available for agriculture.

A spokesman from the city’s civil affairs bureau, which is in charge of the grave demolitions, said the city government had no intention of halting the campaign, even though the State Council last Friday struck out a clause from regulations that allowed for forced demolition of grave sites.

“We are still clearing graves for farmland and we will definitely continue doing that,” he said. The spokesman said the State Council announcement only meant the civil affairs bureau had no right to carry out compulsory demolitions. “The courts and the police bureau will instead take responsibility for execution,” he said.

The revised version of the funeral and interment control regulation removed a sentence in Article 20 that allowed for forced demolitions.

The amendment, which will come into effect next year, came after an online petition campaign by a group of scholars and thousands of people from Henan.

State-run Xinhua released a report earlier this month praising the demolition project. A Henan reporter said mainland media ignored the petition, launched days before the Communist Party’s 18th national congress.

Jia Guoyong, a playwright originally from Zhoukou, said the new regulation would not stop the demolitions. He said he was shocked to the core when he returned to his hometown at the end of last month.

“I felt I lost my soul,” he said, describing an atmosphere like “the end of the world”, with people crying as tractors demolished graves and buckets of bones spilled everywhere.

An official document released at the start of this year said the province would make cremation compulsory within three years.”

via Henan city refuses to stop clearance of graves to make farmland | South China Morning Post.

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