Archive for ‘Uncategorized’

01/01/2019

Surgical strikes was a ‘big risk’ but was more concerned about soldiers’ safety: PM Modi

This was the message of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the Indian Army Special Forces’ commandos who went across the Line of Control (LoC) on September 28, 2016 to carry out surgical strikes at terrorist camps in Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir.

INDIA Updated: Jan 01, 2019 17:24 IST

Surgical strikes,Prime Minister Narendra Modi interview,India news
Prime Minister Narendra Modi(PTI file photo)

“Come back before sunrise, irrespective of the success or failure of the mission”.

This was the message of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the Indian Army Special Forces’ commandos who went across the Line of Control (LoC) on September 28, 2016 to carry out surgical strikes at terrorist camps in Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir.

Modi, while revealing details of the military action for the first time, told ANI in an interview that the date of the attack was changed twice, keeping in mind the safety and security of the troops.

The strikes were carried out days after terrorists attacked an Army camp in Uri in Kashmir, killing 20 soldiers.

The Prime Minister said the surgical strikes were planned as there was a “rage” building up within him as well as the Army after soldiers were burnt alive in the terror attack in Uri.

“I gave clear orders that whether you get success or failure, don’t think about that but come back before sunrise. Don’t fall for the lure and prolong it (the operation),” he said, turning a bit emotional while discussing that operation.

Emphasising that he was determined to see that none of the soldiers died in the operation, he said he had told them that they must return before sunrise even if they fail.

The Prime Minister revealed that he was keeping tab of the risky operation throughout the night and was getting live information.

“I knew it was a big risk. I never care about any political risk to me. The biggest consideration for me was the safety of our soldiers,” he said.

He said he didn’t want any harm to come to the commandos who were “willing to sacrifice their lives on our word.”

The Prime Minister disclosed that the commandos for the operation were chosen carefully and then imparted special training. Whatever equipment was required, it was arranged for them, he said.

He said he was “anxious” throughout the time the soldiers were on the other side of the LoC and the moments became “extremely difficult” when the information flow stopped for about an hour in the morning.

“In the morning, information flow stopped, for an hour. My anxiety increased. Even one hour after sunrise. That time was extremely difficult for me… Then came the information that they have not reached back yet but two-three units have reached the safe zone, so don’t worry. But I said I won’t be fine till the last man returns,” Modi said.

On politicisation of the surgical strikes, the Prime Minister said it was not done by the government but by opposition parties, which “raised questions” over the military action and cited the Pakistani version to “lend weight to their doubts”.

The Prime Minister said that even before the country was informed about the strikes, Pakistan was told about it.

“An Army officer apprised the nation (India) of the operation. That information was given to Pakistan as well… But it is unfortunate for the country that the same day (of the surgical strike), leaders of some parties raised doubts over the surgical strikes,” Modi said.

“It was necessary for Pakistan to speak like this (to deny), to keep their morale intact. But what Pakistan was saying, was being said here too. To lend weight to their views, they were citing Pakistani version. Politicisation started from that point,” he added.

Delhi CM and AAP supremo Arvind Kejriwal in a series of tweets post surgical strikes raised doubts over the veracity of the Government’s claims. Kejriwal said that Pakistan had invited foreign journalists to view their side of the border to ascertain claims of a surgical strike. “BJP I believe you. But international media publishing Pak propaganda that no strike took place. Lets expose Pak propaganda,” tweeted Arvind Kejriwal on October 4th, 2016.

PM Modi added that the opposition leaders were speaking “rubbish” and “those who raised doubts over the Army action, were wrong and such politicisation should not have happened”.

Modi said lauding the valour of soldiers from all operations including the 1962 war with China was the duty of the government and citizens.

“If we don’t hail the valour of those who stake their lives for the country, then who will? So praising the Army should not be considered as politicisation,” he said.

The Prime Minister was asked whether the objectives of the surgical strikes were met, considering that cross-LoC attacks still continue in Kashmir.

In response, he said he would not like to discuss the issue in open domain.

But then he went on to add, “Ek ladai se Pakistan sudhar jayega, yeh sochne mein bahut badi galti hogi. Pakistan ko sudarne mein abhi aur samay lagega (It will be a big mistake to think that Pakistan will start behaving after one fight. It will take a long time for Pakistan to start behaving).

Talking about the Uri attack, Modi said, “That incident made me restless and there was rage within me. I had gone to Kerala and made a mention of this. Because I could not stop myself.

Modi said that while talking to the Army, he realised that they wanted justice for their martyred soldiers and the government gave them the “free hand” to plan and execute the surgical strikes.

Special training was imparted to the commandos and secrecy was maintained.

“The topography and obstacles were kept in consideration… It was a learning experience for me as well,” Modi said.

In September 2016, terrorists of Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed entered the Army camp in Uri near the Line of Control and killed 20 soldiers in the attack.

In retaliation, the Indian Army troops including the commandos from various units of the Para (Special Forces) units deployed in Jammu and Kashmir carried out raids across the border on multiple targets.

All these targets were launch pads for terrorists for infiltrating into Jammu and Kashmir for carrying out attacks against military and civilian targets.

Though the security forces are not sure about the exact number of casualties on the Pakistan side but based on post-operation intercepts and movements, it is believed that it had suffered around 50 casualties including its regular Army soldiers who were deployed for protecting the terror camps.

From the Indian side, only one soldier had suffered injury due to a personnel mine explosion while returning from the operation.

RAM TEMPLE

PM Modi suggested that the judicial process was being slowed down because Congress lawyers were creating “obstacles” in the Supreme Court.

“We have said in our BJP manifesto that a solution would be found to this issue under the ambit of the Constitution,” the Prime Minister said about the Ram temple matter when asked whether the Ram Mandir issue had been relegated as merely an emotive issue for the BJP.

The BJP, as articulated in its manifesto, wants building of a majestic Ram temple in Ayodhya. Recently, there has been a renewed pitch within the party as well as by its sister organisations in the Sangh Parivar for expediting the process of construction of the temple.

The Sangh Parivar organisations have expressed unhappiness over the delay in resolving the matter and there are demands for promulgating an Ordinance, similar to the one issued on Triple Talaq, to facilitate construction of a temple.

The demand for Ordinance has been articulated even by BJP’s ally the Shiv Sena.

Asked whether the government could consider issuing an Ordinance on Ram temple, the Prime Minister pointed out that the matter is before the Supreme Court and possibly in the final stages.

“Let the judicial process be over. After the judicial process is over, whatever will be our responsibility as the government, we are ready to make all efforts,” he added.

The matter is slated to be heard by the Supreme Court on January 4.

01/01/2019

Thousands march in Hong Kong against China ‘repression’ after grim 2018

HONG KONG (Reuters) – Thousands of demonstrators marched in Hong Kong on Tuesday to demand full democracy, fundamental rights, and even independence from China in the face of what many see as a marked clampdown by the Communist Party on local freedoms.

Over the past year, countries such as the United States and Britain have expressed concerns about a number of incidents they say have undermined confidence in Hong Kong’s freedoms and autonomy under Chinese rule.

These include the jailing of activists, a ban on a pro-independence political party, the de facto expulsion of a Western journalist and barring democracy activists from contesting local elections.

The New Year’s day march, which organisers said drew 5,800 people, included calls to restart stalled democratic reforms and to fight “political repression” from Beijing.

“Looking back at the year that passed, it was a very bad year … The rule of law in Hong Kong is falling backwards,” said Jimmy Sham, one of the organisers.

The former British colony returned to Chinese rule in 1997 under a “one country, two systems” formula, with the promise of a high degree of autonomy and universal suffrage as an “ultimate aim”.

While authorities have clamped down hard on the city’s fringe, pro-independence movement, that didn’t deter around 100 independence activists from joining the march, holding up banners and chanting for the city to split from China.

China considers Hong Kong to be an inalienable part of its territory, and denounces “separatists” as a threat to national sovereignty, even though the movement has not garnered much popular backing in the city.

“There will be continuous suppression on the Hong Kong independence movement, but the movement will grow stronger and stronger,” said Baggio Leung, an independence leader who said several of his members had been harassed by purported “triads” or gangsters, before the march.

Last year, in an unprecedented move, Hong Kong authorities banned a political group, the Hong Kong National Party, for its pro-independence stance on national security grounds.

A western journalist, Victor Mallet, was also effectively expelled from Hong Kong, soon after he hosted a talk at a press club by the head of the National Party.

Mallet’s visa denial, which the government has so far refused to explain, was criticised by some foreign governments and the American Chamber of Commerce.

Some protesters also carried “wanted” posters of Hong Kong’s top legal official, Theresa Cheng, criticising a decision to drop a corruption investigation into Hong Kong’s former pro-Beijing leader Leung Chun-ying, without a satisfactory explanation.

“I’m afraid the pressure will continue,” said Joseph Cheng, a veteran rights campaigner and retired professor who was raising money for a “justice” fund for activists facing hefty legal fees for several trials.

“We’re going to face a few difficult years, but we must stand firm … Unlike in mainland China, at least we can still protest.”

01/01/2019

An ‘atheist’ empire? Trump aides rally evangelicals in China fight

  • Religious freedom is a growing theme of President Donald Trump’s confrontation with Beijing, and it’s resonating with Christian leaders
PUBLISHED : Tuesday, 01 January, 2019, 5:07pm
UPDATED : Tuesday, 01 January, 2019, 5:07pm

Vice-President Mike Pence infuriated Beijing when he gave a speech in October warning that China had become a dangerous rival to the United States. While he focused on familiar issues such as China’s trade policies and cyber espionage, Pence also denounced the country’s “avowedly atheist Communist Party”.

Citing a crackdown on organised religion in the country, Pence noted that Chinese authorities “are tearing down crosses, burning Bibles and imprisoning believers”.

“For China’s Christians,” Pence said, “these are desperate times.”

Pence’s remarks, which also addressed the repression of Chinese Buddhists and Muslims, illustrated how religious freedom is a growing theme of President Donald Trump’s confrontation with Beijing, which some foreign policy insiders warn could develop into a new cold war.

It is a subject that resonates in the US heartland, some Christian leaders say – parts of which, including rural areas, are disproportionately at risk of fallout from Trump’s trade fight with the Asian giant.

The issue has gained new resonance with Beijing’s arrest this month of a prominent Christian pastor and more than 100 members of his congregation.

The arrests have drawn close coverage from evangelical outlets such as Pat Robertson’s Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), whose website published an open letter by the jailed pastor, Wang Yi, declaring his “anger and disgust at the persecution of the church by this Communist regime”.

Days after the arrests, Trump’s ambassador for international religious freedom, the former Kansas Republican governor Sam Brownback, decried the crackdown and said that in the weeks since Pence’s speech, religious freedom concerns “have only grown”.

While China’s religious persecution draws less media attention than issues like soybean tariffs and cyber espionage, it is closely tracked by conservative Christian activists and outlets like CBN, where a typical headline recently reported: “Chinese Government Destroys Christian Church, Bills Pastor for Demolition.”

In September, Providence Magazine, which covers US foreign policy from a Christian perspective, wrote that in 2018 China’s religious repression has reached “a sustained intensity not seen since the Cultural Revolution”.

The Trump administration has repeatedly criticised China on such grounds.

In a report on international religious freedom released earlier this year, the State Department noted that throughout China there were reports of “deaths in detention of religious adherents as well as reports the government physically abused, detained, arrested, tortured, sentenced to prison, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices”.

Religious activists note that Pence, Brownback, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and other top Trump aides are people of faith with genuine concerns about religious freedom. But even they acknowledge the subject happens to be a potent political message for religious conservatives and may help rally them behind Trump’s confrontational China policy.

Some religious leaders even hear an echo of history: cold war-era denunciations of “godless” Soviet communism by past US presidents, notably Ronald Reagan

“In the great heartland of America, where there tend to be higher levels of people who care about faith, reminding people that a regime – whether then the Soviet Union or today’s communist China – rejects God and has an official policy of atheism is helpful in getting them to understand why our government is taking certain actions in the foreign policy area,” said Gary Bauer, a longtime conservative Christian leader whom Trump appointed to the US Commission on International Religious Freedom.

“Evil empire” was the famous label then-president Reagan applied to the Soviet Union in 1983. Less remembered is the fact that Reagan was addressing the National Association of Evangelicals.

Reagan vowed at the time that the Soviets “must be made to understand: … We will never abandon our belief in God”.

Trump himself rarely addresses religious freedom or human rights, and when it comes to China he focuses mainly on Beijing’s trade practices. But his administration – backed by an evangelical base that stood for Trump in 2016 and continues to supporthim enthusiastically – has strongly emphasised international religious freedom.

Earlier this year, for instance, the State Department hosted a first-ever gathering of foreign ministers devoted to the subject. (China was not invited and was targeted in a joint statement signed by a handful of countries, including the US.)

“This administration is putting this in the matrix of all of our policy,” said Tony Perkins, another prominent Christian conservative who serves on the religious freedom commission and is close to the White House. “It’s more than just the throwaway line.”

Pompeo, a former Republican congressman from Kansas, has also assailed Beijing for religious persecution, including at a September speech at the Values Voter Summit in Washington, an event affiliated with the Perkins-led Family Research Council.

During an appearance which some critics called inappropriately political, Pompeo decried “an intense new government crackdown on Christians in China, which includes heinous actions like closing churches, burning Bibles, and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith”.

Like Pence, Pompeo also dwelled on the plight of China’s Muslim population, particularly ethnic Uygurs from the Chinese province of Xinjiang. A State Department official recently testified before lawmakers that up to 2 million Muslims are now confined to special camps in China.

“Their religious beliefs are decimated,” Pompeo told Values Voter Summit attendees.

The Chinese government, which often casts Uygur Muslims as potential terrorists, says the camps are designed to teach vocational and life skills. But the State Department official, Scott Busby, said the goal appears to be “forcing detainees to renounce Islam and embrace the Chinese Communist Party”.

While evangelical groups active in Washington tend to focus primarily on the persecution of Christians in China and elsewhere, some make sure to point out that they care about religious freedom for all faith groups, including Muslims. In a past interview with POLITICO, Brownback stressed that he also wants to protect people’s right to have “no religion at all”.

The Trump administration may unveil a set of human rights-related sanctions targeting officials in a range of countries in the coming weeks. Some China observers are hopeful the list will include Chen Quanguo, a top Communist Party official said to have orchestrated the anti-Muslim crackdown and to have had a role in repressing Tibetan Buddhists.

“It’s a critical moment,” said Bob Fu, a US-based pastor and founder of ChinaAid, a group that advocates for religious freedom in China.

Brownback did not offer comment for this story, and a spokesman for Pompeo did not immediately respond to a request for comment. A White House spokesperson said of Pence that “religious freedom throughout the world is a top priority for the vice-president and the administration as a whole”.

Bauer predicted that evangelicals and other voters in the US heartland will continue to support Trump even if he expands his trade war with China. The administration, cognizant of the potential pain for its supporters, has taken some steps to cushion the blow, such as offering farming subsidies.

By retaliating against particular US industries, such as soybean farmers, China is trying to pressure the administration. “I think China will fail in this effort and support for the Trump-Pence policies will remain strong,” Bauer said.

When it comes to pleasing the religious right, the Trump administration has been willing to make some dicey moves.

This past summer, to the shock of the foreign policy establishment, Trump imposed economic sanctions on two Cabinet officials in Turkey – an important US ally and fellow Nato member – due to the questionable imprisonment of an American pastor, Andrew Brunson.

Brunson, whose cause was championed by evangelicals, was eventually freed and the sanctions lifted.

How far the administration will push Beijing on religious freedom could come down to the president himself and what China is willing to do to assuage his concerns on trade.

Trump, after all, has been willing to drop talk of human rights issues when it seems he’s making progress on other fronts – that’s what has happened in his dealings with North Korea.

The Chinese in particular are highly sensitive to their global image, and, like the Soviet Union, China cannot be ignored.

“If this tariff business gets really bad and the economy goes down, I wouldn’t be surprised if [Trump officials] ramp up the ‘evil empire’ language,” said a Senate Democratic aide. “It inoculates them from their base.”

But “if you start using the ‘evil empire’ language”, the aide added, “it’s harder to make up and kiss and be friends.”

01/01/2019

Xi, Trump exchange congratulations over 40th anniversary of China-U.S. diplomatic ties

BEIJING, Jan. 1 (Xinhua) — Chinese President Xi Jinping and U.S. President Donald Trump on Tuesday exchanged congratulations on the 40th anniversary of the establishment of China-U.S. diplomatic relations.

In his congratulatory message, Xi said China-U.S. relations have experienced ups and downs and made historic progress over the past 40 years, bringing huge benefits to the two peoples and contributing greatly to world peace, stability and prosperity.

History has proved that cooperation is the best choice for both sides, Xi said.

Currently, China-U.S. relations are in an important stage, he noted.

“I attach great importance to the development of China-U.S. relations and am willing to work with President Trump to summarize the experience of the development of China-U.S. relations and implement the consensus we have reached in a joint effort to advance China-U.S. relations featuring coordination, cooperation and stability so as to better benefit the two peoples as well as the people of the rest of the world,” Xi said.

For his part, Trump said Jan. 1, 2019 marks the 40th anniversary of the establishment of U.S.-China diplomatic relations.

Great progress has been made in the development of bilateral ties over the past years, he noted.

Trump said it is his priority to promote cooperative and constructive U.S.-China relations, adding that his solid friendship with President Xi has laid a firm foundation for the great achievements of the two countries in coming years.

31/12/2018

Why legalising gay sex in India is not a Western idea

 

Members and supporters of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) community take part in Delhi's Queer Pride Parade from Barakhamba Road to Parliament Street, on November 25, 2018 in New Delhi, IndiaImage copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionIndia’s Supreme Court made gay sex legal in September 2018

The decriminalisation of gay sex was arguably the biggest news story of 2018 in India.

So, it wasn’t surprising when it became a hotly debated topic at one of the year-end parties I recently attended in Delhi.

The common consensus was that the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down a colonial-era law has pushed the country towards adopting Western ideals of liberalism in India.

“We are on par with countries like the UK, France and other European nations where homosexuality is legal,” one of my friends excitedly announced.

“We are now like the West when it comes to our attitudes toward LGBT people.”

Similar discussions have been taking place on social media where many agree with this view.

But is it true?

India’s historians and mythology experts have differing views.

A protester seen holding a placard saying can't hide this pride during the protest.Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionMost Indian cities witnessed celebrations after the ruling

Noted historian Harbans Mukhia says one has to know India’s history to understand why the British made gay sex illegal.

“The British brought their own rules to India, including the Section 377 which banned homosexuality and made it a criminal act. This law was enforced by them but it didn’t conform with India’s attitude toward homosexuality. It was more to do with their Christian belief systems,” he says.

He adds that the court’s decision has taken India back to its roots.

Other experts also believe that India had a more open attitude to homosexuality before the Raj and there is ample evidence of it in medieval history and mythology.

Historian Rana Safvi says “love was celebrated in India in every form”.

“Whether ancient or medieval India, fluid sexuality was present in the society. One can see the depictions of homosexuality in the temples of Khajuraho and Mughal chronicles,” she says.

The most vivid example of this can be seen in Khajuraho town of the central state of Madhya Pradesh.

Member and supporter of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) community flaunts his body art at New Delhi's Queer Pride Parade in IndiaImage copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionThe fight to decriminalise gay sex took decades of legal fight

The temple complex was built between 950 and 1050 by the Chandela dynasty. The erotic sculptures in the temple vividly depict homosexuality. Similar temple art can also be seen in the 13th-Century Sun Temple in Konark in the eastern state of Orissa, and Buddhist monastic caves at Ajanta and Ellora in the western state of Maharashtra.

Mythologist Devdutt Patnaik has often explained the presence and acceptance of homosexuality in Hinduism.

“The term homosexuality and the laws prohibiting ‘unnatural’ sex were imposed across the world through imperial might. Though they exerted a powerful influence on subsequent attitudes, they were neither universal nor timeless. They were – it must be kept in mind – products of minds that were deeply influenced by the ‘sex is sin’ stance of the Christian Bible,” he writes in an article on his website.

“With typical colonial condescension, European definitions, laws, theories and attitudes totally disregarded how similar sexual activity was perceived in other cultures.”

He believes that criminalisation of homosexuality was entirely a foreign concept.

“An overview of temple imagery, sacred narratives and religious scriptures does suggest that homosexual activities – in some form – did exist in ancient India. Though not part of the mainstream, its existence was acknowledged but not approved,” he writes.

Khajuraho temples are a popular tourist destinationImage copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionKhajuraho temples are a popular tourist destination

Prof Mukhia says books and scriptures from medieval times also suggest that homosexuality was not looked down upon.

“There was some disproval for homosexuality but LGBT people were not ostracised. The society was tolerant towards them and nobody was hounded for being a homosexual.

“Alauddin Khalji’s son, Mubarak, was known to be in a relationship with one of the noble men in his court,” he adds. Khalji ruled the Delhi sultanate between 1296 and 1316.

Babur, who founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled most of what is now India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th Centuries, also wrote about his love for men.

“He wrote, without any sense of embarrassment, that he was in love with a boy named Baburi. There was no disapproval about his writing during his time or even after that,” Prof Mukhia adds.

Historians also believe that India’s conservative outlook about homosexuality started with the British Raj and became stronger after independence.

Prof Mukhia adds that the Section 377 remained in place event after India’s independence in 1947 largely because of “our ignorance of history and politicians’ apathy”.

A group of hijras dancing in front of Khajuraho temples in Madhya Pradesh, India.Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionLGBTQ community wants India to become more liberal

Keshav Suri, the owner of a hotel chain and a prominent LGBT rights activist, believes that young people need to be educated about the country’s LGBT history.

“I wasn’t taught in school about Khajuraho and the presence of LGBT characters in our mythology. That has to change. Transgender people were considered gods and goddesses. They were great poets, artists and even administrators in medieval times,” he says.

He adds that young people need to know that we were a much open and tolerant society in the past.

Prof Mukhia agrees.

“In 2018, we recovered what we had lost during colonial times – a more open attitude toward the LGBT community.”

31/12/2018

India university official urges students to kill instead of complaining

NEW DELHI (Reuters) – A top official at a Indian state-run university urged his students to “murder” fellow students if confronted instead of complaining to him, amid a wave of violence being reported from across the state where the school is based.

“If you’re a student of this University, never come crying to me,” said Raja Ram Yadav, vice-chancellor of Purvanchal University, in a speech, video from Reuters partner ANI showed.

Adding: “If you ever get into a fight, beat them, if possible murder them, we’ll take care of it later.”

Yadav was speaking on Friday at a college event in Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state. In the same city a police officer was stoned to death during violent protests on Saturday, though there is no indication of a link with Yadav’s remarks.

Uttar Pradesh is notorious for communal tensions and crime, and has been plagued by incidents of mob violence in recent weeks.

A senior police officer and another man were killed in another incident of violence earlier this month after local residents protested because they say they had seen some people slaughtering a cow, an animal sacred in Hindu culture. That was in Uttar Pradesh’s Bulandshahr district.

31/12/2018

Army foils New Year’s eve attack by Pakistan’s Border Action Team along LoC, kills 2 intruders

Naugam sector in Kashmir’s Kupwara district is manned by soldiers of the 19th Infantry Division of the Indian Army. There have been frequent ceasefire violations going in the Naugam, Tanghdar and Keran sectors in the past several months.

INDIA Updated: Dec 31, 2018 12:21 IST

HT Correspondent
HT Correspondent
Hindustan Times, Srinagar
Indian Army,Pakistan infiltration bid,BAT
The Indian Army has claimed to have thwarted a “treacherous attempt” by Pakistan’s Border Action Team (BAT) to launch a strike on its post along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir’s Naugam sector and killed two intruders in the area.(HT Photo/Reprsentative image)

The Indian Army has claimed to have thwarted a “treacherous attempt” by Pakistan’s Border Action Team (BAT) to launch a strike on its post along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir’s Naugam sector and killed two intruders in the area.

A spokesperson of the army said the recovery of arms and ammunition early on Sunday indicated that they intended to carry out a “gruesome attack” in the region.

“The alertness and resilience of the own troops, who engaged and neutralised the intruders, thus eliminated a likely treacherous attack on the army forward posts along the Line of Control on the eve of New Year,” he said.

The officials said the intruders were wearing combat uniform like regular Pakistani soldiers and carrying stores with markings of the neighbouring country. He said they took advantage of the thick forests close to the LoC.

“Some intruders were also seen in BSF (Border Security Force) and old pattern IA dresses as part of a deception. They had intruded well equipped with IEDs, incendiary materials, explosives, and a plethora of arms and ammunition,” the spokesperson said.

“They were assisted by heavy covering fire of high calibre weapons such as mortars and rocket launchers from the Pakistani posts. The movement was nonetheless detected by the vigilant Indian Army troops deployed along the LoC,” he said.

He said the firefight initiated by Pakistan was retaliated strongly by the Indian Army.

“The exchange of fire continued the whole night. Our troops conducted prolonged search operations in thick jungles and difficult terrain conditions to ascertain the situation, which confirmed the elimination of two likely Pakistani soldiers and resulted in the recovery of a large cache of warlike stores.”

The army said the search operations are still underway in the sector to sanitise the area.

“Few other intruders managed to escape across the LoC, taking advantage of the Pakistani firing and adverse weather and visibility conditions,” it said.

“The Indian Army’s resolve to keep a strict vigil along the LoC and defeat all such nefarious designs of Pakistan will continue to remain firm and consistent.”

The spokesperson said the Indian Army will ask Pakistan to take back the bodies of the likely Pakistani soldiers.

Naugam sector in Kashmir’s Kupwara district is manned by soldiers of the 19th Infantry Division of the Indian Army. There have been frequent ceasefire violations going in the Naugam, Tanghdar and Keran sectors in the past several months.

31/12/2018

Surprise, war and miscalculations, China’s turbulent economy in 2018 had it all and more

  • The world’s second largest economy started the year with the strong intentions to improve the quality of growth but ended it hoping for a better 2019
  • The trade war with the United States, the government’s deleveraging campaign to reduce debt and an unhappy private sector all played their part
PUBLISHED : Monday, 31 December, 2018, 6:33pm
UPDATED : Monday, 31 December, 2018, 6:33pm

If there is a single Chinese word to describe China’s economy in 2018, there may be no better one than gang, which translates to dispute and leverage.

Beijing started the year with the strong intentions to improve the quality of growth, vowing to reduce deeply troubling risks in the financial system and to control rampant pollution.

But in reality it was disputes – either between China and the United States, or with the Chinese private economy and state-owned enterprises – that dominated the headlines.

The world’s second-biggest economy is expected to achieve the government’s growth target of “around 6.5 per cent” this year, but the deviation from its original policy intentions, a mixed result of misjudgment, excess pride and uncontrollable external factors, have turned out to be very costly.

Unprecedented trade war

The Chinese government’s strategy of making major purchases of US products managed to prevent the US China-bashing from damaging bilateral ties in the first year of Donald Trump’s term as US president which began in January 2017, but that strategy was no longer effective in 2018.

Beijing’s tough retaliatory stance in the face of the first US tariffs starting in July did nothing to deter more American taxes.

And by the end of September, Washington had imposed tariffs on half of the Chinese exports to the US and threatened to sanction the rest if an acceptable trade deal was not agreed by March 1.

“We were relatively slow to foresee [the US actions] … and underestimated [the Trump administration’s] determination. Also, policy support was not well prepared,” said Qu Fengjie, director of the external economy research institute under the National Development and Reform Commission.

The US’ liberal use of decade-old trade law to justify its protectionist trade moves, the surprise arrest of Huawei chief financial officer Sabrina Wanzhou Meng on the same day that Chinese President Xi Jinping and Trump met in Argentina, the hard-hitting speech by US Vice-President Mike Pence at the Hudson Institute in early October, and US charges in December that China had engaged in a prolonged campaign of cybertheft for commercial advantage, all helped fan speculation that the world’s two largest economies had entered into a prolonged “economic cold war”.

“It’s not simply economic friction, but a turning point of bilateral ties and a strategic adjustment of the US,” warned Li Wei, an associate professor of international relations at Renmin University of China.

Despite the 90-day truce agreed on December 1, there remains a huge question whether a bilateral trade deal can be reached at any point, creating great uncertainty that is increasingly haunting the national economy.

The data suggests a further slowing of Chinese growth in the fourth quarter from the 6.5 per cent posted in the third quarter, with some suggesting a drop below 6 per cent in the first half of next year.

China’s lowest first-quarter growth rate was 6.4 per cent in 2009, meaning a drop below 6 per cent would represent a record low since the National Bureau of Statistics started publishing quarterly figures in 1992.

The government’s deleveraging campaign to cut excess debt and risky borrowing – one of the three major tasks laid out at the start of the year by the top leadership – sought to tackle the risk from the huge, and often hidden, debt accumulated in a decade of economic stimulus since the 2008 global financial crisis.

Risk from the deleveraging campaign

The country’s debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio stood at 253 per cent of GDP at end of June, one of the highest rates in the world.

Beijing slashed its fiscal deficit ratio for the first time in six years, while a clampdown on shadow banking rippled to capital-thirsty private firms, local government controlled financing vehicles and public-partnership projects.

“Its impact on the economy has exceeded expectation upon a variety factors, most notably the trade war, a shadow banking curb and environmental protection,” Bank of Communications senior researcher Liu Xuezhi said.

“Particular, infrastructure investment has registered a free fall.”

The infrastructure investment growth, a major government tool in previous rounds of economic stabilisation, plunged to 7.3 per cent in the first half of this year, compared to 21.1 per cent a year earlier.

And despite the offsetting measures that started in July, the slowdown continued, with January-November growth of only 3.7 per cent.

Li Yang, a senior researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a former policy adviser of the People’s Bank of China (PBOC), said the deleveraging campaign was meant to avoid a financial crisis rather than exacerbate an economic slowdown.

“If it progresses too quickly – rather than having a controlled timing and pace in coordination with other policies – it could artificially create a Minsky moment or even Lehman Brothers moment,” he said.

Minsky and Lehman Brothers moments refer to the sudden collapse of a financial market or institutions, usually triggered by debt, currency or other issues.

The first is named after economist Hyman Minsky, while the second refers to the collapse of the US investment bank Lehman Brothers 10 years ago that rocked global stock markets and led to the biggest financial crash since the Great Depression.

A year ago, former PBOC governor Zhou Xiaochuan warned that China must stay alert for a Minsky moment.

After the first US tariffs were imposed on Chinese products in July, Beijing’s policymakers continued the deleveraging campaign even though they shifted the policy direction to economic stabilisation.

At the Central Economic Work Conference in December, the top leadership vowed to carry on “structural deleveraging”, paving the way for a bigger economic stimulus.

“It will become a long-term policy goal” rather than an immediate priority, Li said.

Structural deleveraging means structural changes among different sectors. For instance, the government can have higher leverage, but corporate leverage should be lowered, therefore the overall debt-to-GDP ratio will be kept roughly stable.

Private economy outcry

Private firms, the major victims of both financial deleveraging and the trade war, have been hit the hardest by the economic slowdown.

A total of 33 firms for the first time registered bond defaults by November 5, 28 of which were private firms, according to Everbright Securities, compared to only nine private firms in 2017.

In addition, dozens of private owners of listed firms risked losing their controlling stakes when the value of the shares they pledged to banks as collateral for loans fell with the rest of the stock market.

As well as the decade-old problems of lack of access to credit and high fundraising costs, the governments support of state-owned enterprises to become bigger and stronger and feelings of those who wanted to eliminate private ownership turned out to be the last straw.

The desperate voices of entrepreneurs, which increased ahead of the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the reform and opening up policy, forced top leaders to emphasis the government’s support for the private sector, including the introduction of new credit and tax policies to help small businesses.

Xi also rolled up his sleeves at a high-profile symposium at the start of November.

“Some argue that the private economy has completed its mission and will fade out. All these statements are completely wrong and do not conform to the party’s policies,” he told dozens of private sector representatives.

Lu Feng, a professor of economics at Peking University, said the arguments of those advocating elimination of private ownership were not well formulated.

“However, they do expose some inconsistency between our ideology and the reform and opening up reality,” he said in December.

Lu said further reforms were needed to lower institutional costs and address the obstacles that businesses faced every day.

“Market access for private firms have been talked about for years, but many old problems remain unsolved,” he said.

31/12/2018

Xinhua Headlines: China, EU on path of expanding cooperation in outer space

Source: Xinhua| 2018-12-30 14:58:41|Editor: Yamei
Xinhua Headlines: China, EU on path of expanding cooperation in outer space

People visit the booth of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation during the 69th International Astronautical Congress in Bremen, Germany on Oct. 1, 2018. (Xinhua/Lian Zhen)

by Xinhua writer Zhang Yirong

BERLIN, Dec. 30 (Xinhua) — China’s Chang’e-4 lunar probe was launched earlier this month, and it is expected to make the first-ever soft landing on the far side of the moon.

During the mission, China has cooperated with four other countries, three of which are from Europe, an epitome of the increasing space cooperation between China and the European Union (EU) in recent years.

CHANG’E-4 TO THE MOON

The Chang’e-4 mission will be a key step in revealing the mysterious far side of the moon, most of which remains unknown.

Germany’s scientific payload is a “Lunar Lander Neutron and Dosimetry” instrument, developed by Kiel University, which aims to measure radiation on the moon, mainly for future manned missions there, also the water content beneath the landing unit, said Robert Wimmer-Schweingruber, who is leading the research team.

Karl Bergquist, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) administrator for the International Relations Department, called the Chang’e-4 mission scientifically and technologically “very impressive,” because “no one has ever done it, this mission will therefore advance our knowledge of the moon.”

He also called the lunar mission “the first step towards future explorations farther afield.”

Stressing the difficulties of landing on the far side due to spacecraft controlling and signal relay, Wimmer-Schweingruber said that “the satellite is already in place. We’re orbiting the moon right now. It has worked well.”

Earlier, China has already launched a relay satellite “Queqiao,” tasked with transmitting signals between Chang’e-4 and ground control.

Scientific tasks for Chang’e-4 also include low-frequency radio astronomical observation, surveying the terrain and landforms, as well as detecting the mineral composition and shallow lunar surface structure, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA).

COOPERATION OPPORTUNITIES

Wimmer-Schweingruber said he’s been working with his Chinese counterparts for nearly two decades, and praised China for its increasing cooperation with international partners.

Apart from Chang’e-4, China has offered and promised multiple opportunities for space cooperation with the EU and beyond recently.

At the International Astronautical Congress held this October in the German city of Bremen, Zhang Kejian, deputy minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, stressed China’s willingness to cooperate with other countries within the space program.

Zhang, who is also the head of the CNSA, noted that Chang’e-6, China’s second sample return lunar mission, will provide 10 kg of payloads on the orbiter and lander for international partners.

China also announced in Vienna this May that all member states of the United Nations (UN) are welcome to cooperate with China to jointly utilize its future China Space Station (CSS).

“The CSS belongs not only to China, but also to the world,” said Shi Zhongjun, China’s ambassador to the UN and other international organizations in Vienna.

The CSS, expected to be launched by 2019 and operational by 2022, will be the world’s first space station that is developed by a developing country and open for cooperation with all UN member states.

Jan Woerner, director general of the ESA, told Xinhua that the ESA welcomes more cooperation with China’s space program, and several European astronauts are now learning Chinese in preparation.

China and the EU signed an agreement in 2015 concerning cooperation in a manned space program, stipulating that the period from 2015 to 2017 was the stage of technological exchanges, and the two sides taking part in each other’s astronaut training programs.

Matthias Maurer, an ESA astronaut of German nationality, told Xinhua that he had studied Chinese for over six years.

After participating in a sea survival training program in waters off the coast of Yantai in east China’s Shandong Province, organized by the Astronaut Center of China in 2017, Maurer hopes to work with astronauts from China and other countries at the CSS.

WIN-WIN RESULTS

China’s achievements and openness in outer space explorations have been welcomed worldwide and are believed to produce win-win results.

China’s opening its CSS will reinforce international cooperation for the peaceful use of outer space, said Simonetta Di Pippo, director of the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs.

“China is currently the first contributor to our activities in terms of voluntary contributions. This is quite important. It’s a sign of the strong interest of China in collaborating with us, opening up to the entire world the possibility of utilizing your facilities,” said Di Pippo, who hoped to see more cooperation projects in the future.

Maurer viewed the cooperation between China and the EU as win-win. He said China has a lot of advantages such as its own rockets, capsules and a space station.

Europe, on the other hand, has abundant experience in long-duration missions in space “which can be brought into our cooperation to make it develop more efficiently,” Maurer said.

Wimmer-Schweingruber spoke highly of China’s openness, saying “to compensate the weakness of one country with the strength of another, that’s how we work scientifically.”

After collaborating on satellites that monitor earthquakes and their effects, “we now hope to collaborate more intensively on their new space station, that could offer us important flight opportunities for our astronauts, but also for the development of experiments and innovative technologies,” said Piero Benvenuti, commissioner of the Italian Space Agency.

Woerner said the ESA is also discussing using the Chinese manned spacecraft Shenzhou to send European astronauts into space in the future. “Although it is not on the agenda, it’s a possibility,” he said.

“We have worked with the Chinese side for over 25 years. For us Europeans, the exploration of the universe as well as major space science missions are domains in which we collaborate with all space powers: the United States, Russia, China and Japan,” Bergquist said.

“What’s important is to advance our knowledge, and if we can do it together, it’s preferable for everyone,” Bergquist added.

30/12/2018

How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India

Representational photoImage copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionThe origin of Indians has been the subject of a heated debate

New research using ancient DNA is rewriting prehistory in India – and shows that its civilisation is the result of multiple ancient migrations, writes Tony Joseph.

Who are the Indians? And where did they come from?

In the last few years, the debate over these questions has become more and more heated.

Hindu right-wingers believe the source of Indian civilisation are people who called themselves Aryans – a nomadic tribe of horse-riding, cattle-rearing warriors and herders who composed Hinduism’s oldest religious texts, the Vedas.

The Aryans, they argue, originated from India and then spread across large parts of Asia and Europe, helping set up the family of Indo-European languages that Europeans and Indians still speak today.

As it happens, many 19th Century European ethnographers and, of course, most famously, Adolf Hitler, also considered Aryans the master race who had conquered Europe, although the German leader considered them to be of Nordic lineage.

Bust of a Priest King wearing a cloak decorated with clovers, Harappan period, Steatite once coated in pink pasteImage copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionThe Harappan civilisation thrived in north-western India and Pakistan

When scholars use the term Aryan, it refers to a group of people who spoke Indo-European languages and called themselves Aryans. And that is how I have used it in this article. It does not refer to a race, as Hitler used it or as some in the Hindu right wing use it.

Many Indian scholars have questioned the “out of India” thesis, arguing that these Indo-European language speakers – or Aryans – were possibly just one of many streams of prehistoric migrants who arrived in India after the decline of an earlier civilisation. This was the Harappan (or Indus Valley) civilisation, which thrived in what is now north-western India and Pakistan around the same time as the Egyptians and Mesopotamians.

However, Hindu right-wingers believe the Harappan civilisation was also an Aryan or Vedic civilisation.

Tensions between the two groups backing these opposing theories have only increased in the last few years, especially since the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in India in 2014.

Into this long-running dispute has now stepped the relatively new discipline of population genetics, which has started using ancient DNA to figure out when people moved where.

Studies using ancient DNA have been rewriting prehistory all over the world in the last few years and in India, there has been one fascinating discovery after another.

The most recent study on this subject, led by geneticist David Reich of Harvard University, was published in March 2018 and co-authored by 92 scholars from all over the world – many of them leading names in disciplines as diverse as genetics, history, archaeology and anthropology.

Underneath its staid title – The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia – lay some volcanic arguments.

A tourist explores the ancient Dholavira archaelogical site in Kachchh district in Gujarat state on December 18, 2011Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionDholavira in Gujarat state is one of the five largest Harappan sites

The study showed that there were two major migrations into India in the last 10,000 years.

The first one originated from the Zagros region in south-western Iran (which has the world’s first evidence for goat domestication) and brought agriculturists, most likely herders, to India.

This would have been between 7,000 and 3,000BCE. These Zagrosian herders mixed with the earlier inhabitants of the subcontinent – the First Indians, descendants of the Out of Africa (OoA) migrants who had reached India around 65,000 years ago – and together, they went on to create the Harappan civilisation.

In the centuries after 2000 BCE came the second set of immigrants (the Aryans) from the Eurasian Steppe, probably from the region now known as Kazakhstan. They likely brought with them an early version of Sanskrit, mastery over horses and a range of new cultural practices such as sacrificial rituals, all of which formed the basis of early Hindu/Vedic culture. (A thousand years before, people from the Steppe had also moved into Europe, replacing and mixing with agriculturists there, spawning new cultures and spreading Indo-European languages).

Other genetic studies have brought to light more migrations into India, such as that of the speakers of Austro-Asiatic languages who came from south-eastern Asia.

Pilgrims on the way to Kumbh Mela in the Holy City of Haridwar. Haridwar, located in the foothills of Himalaya, is an important center of pilgrimage for Hindus on February 10, 2010 in India.Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionIndia’s population is made up of a number of layers, according to the research

As I write in my book, the best way to understand the Indian population is to imagine it as a pizza, with the first Indians forming its base. Though the base of this rather irregular pizza is thin in some places and thick in others, it still serves as the support that the rest of the pizza is built upon because studies show that 50% to 65% of the genetic ancestry of Indians derives from the First Indians.

On top of the base comes the sauce that is spread over the pizza – the Harappans. And then come the toppings and the cheese – the Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European language speakers or Aryans, all of whom found their way into the subcontinent later.

To many in the Hindu right wing, these findings are unpalatable. They have been campaigning to change school curricula and remove any mention of Aryan immigration from textbooks. And on Twitter, several hugely popular right-wing “history” handles have long been attacking India’s leading historians who have defended the theory of Aryan migrations and continue to do so.

For Hindu nationalists, there is a cost to admitting that the Aryans were not the first inhabitants of India and that the Harappan civilisation existed long before their arrival. It would mean acknowledging that Aryans or their Vedic culture were not the singular fountainhead of Indian civilisation and that its earliest sources lay elsewhere.

India’s junior minister for human resource development, Satyapal Singh, was recently quoted in the media as saying: “Only Vedic education can nurture our children well and make them patriots who have mental discipline.”

The idea of the mixing of different population groups is also unappealing to Hindu nationalists as they put a premium on racial purity. There is also the additional issue of the migration theory putting Aryans on the same footing as latter-day Muslim conquerors of India – such as the Mughals.

Young Brahmins training to be priests in VaranasiImage copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image captionYoung Brahmins training to be priests in Varanasi – India is a predominantly Hindu nation

These are not just theoretical debates. The ruling BJP government in Haryana state, which neighbours the Indian capital Delhi, has demanded that the Harappan civilisation be renamed the Saraswati river civilisation. Since the Saraswati is an important river that is mentioned in the earliest of the four Vedic texts, such a renaming would serve to emphasise the link between the civilisation and the Aryans.

The new study puts an end to these debates and it has thus come as a shock to the Hindu right-wing. In a tweet attacking its co-author Prof Reich, ruling party MP and former Harvard University professor Subramanian Swamy said: “There are lies, damned lies and (Harvard’s ‘Third’ Reich and Co’s) statistics.”

However, the real message that the new research carries is an exciting and hopeful one: that Indians have created a long-lasting civilisation from a variety of heredities and histories.

The genius of the Indian civilisation during its best periods has been inclusion, not exclusion. Unity in diversity is, indeed, the central theme of India’s genetic make-up.

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